The treaty of versailles (ended WW I)
There have been several treaties of Versailles over the years, but the Treaty of Versailles usually refers to the one marking the end of World War I, and saddling Germany with all the blame and reparations of the war. In short, without the Treaty of Versailles, which further humiliated and degraded the already war-torn German people, Hitler would not have had a political platform from which to spew his hate mongering, and there would have been no World War II.
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) and the Modernization of T...
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to startthe War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberationarmy in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established thebasis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the GrandNational Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency. Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invadingarmies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey,the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title ofCommander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armieswon their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completelyliberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.